A&P Analysis Essay

It is extremely helpful to use the numerical scale for quantifying pain severity for a patient in order to best asses a pain’s origin and severity, thus allowing for the most accurate diagnosis and pain treatment. 4. The term â€Å"putting a joint back into place† indicates moving the bone back into the synovial joint (its proper place). The â€Å"pop† sound occurs due to gas bubbles (nitrogen) escaping from the synovial fluid. 5. Both the shoulder joint and the hip joint are ball-and-socket joints, but the hip joint does not have as large a range of motion when compared to the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint is not just a bony socket, but is comprised of several tendons/muscles (as previously mentioned), synovial fluid, tendon sheaths and hyaline cartilage. Issue #3: Eye problems 1. The term for someone who has problems seeing close objects but can see objects far away is â€Å"hyperopia† or farsightedness. 2. Contrarily, â€Å"myopia† or nearsightedness is the condition of being able to see objects up close but not ones far away. 3. David appears to have hyperopia, since he needs to hold a paper at arm’s length to be able to read. Issue #4: Muscle Physiology 1. The cause of the muscle cramping is hyponatremia or low blood sodium, which may have occurred by the young girl drinking a lot of water in the hot sun to try and stay hydrated, but which caused an electrolyte imbalance in her body, thus resulting in muscle cramps. 2. The muscle cramps will go away once she drinks the salt water, which will restore the necessary electrolyte balance in her body. Issue #5: Muscle Physiology Child Case History 1. The hereditary X-linked recessive disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness is called muscular dystrophy, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). 2. â€Å"Dystrophy† refers to the degeneration of, in this case, muscles. 3. Muscles in the leg involved in walking â€Å"on the toes† are the illopsoas, gastrocnemius and soleus. As these muscles weaken, the plantar flexors in the foot take over the job of walking. 4. The trunk muscles that weaken in certain cases of lordosis (sway back) and abdominal protuberance are the lower back muscles (erector spinae), hip flexors, abdominal muscles and the hamstrings.

Relationship Between Savings and Investment in the Nigerian Economy

Introduction Interests in the study of economic growth and development have been on the increase especially since the middle of the present century. Economic growth results in the expansion of a country’s production possibility curve such that the potential output of the country is increased beyond the previous levels. Thus growth is often defined in terms of a sustained increase in the real per capita income of a country.Simon Kuznets in (Todaro, 1885), defined a country’s economic growth as â€Å"a long term rise in the capacity to supply increasingly diverse economic goods to its population, this growing capacity based on advanced technology and the institutional and ideological adjustments that it demands†. Growth is therefore measurable and objective. It describes expansion in capital, in the labour force, in output, income, consumption e. t. c.It should be noted that economic growth is sometimes used interchangeably with economic development. A distinction of the two was however made by (Jhingan, 1976) where he defined economic development as the ‘non-quantifiable measure of the growing economy† i. e. the economic, social and other changes that lead to growth such as changes in techniques of production, social attitudes and institutions e. t. c. No matter the distinction what is important in the words of (Iyoha, 1996) is that there is no development without growth.One point that must be mentioned however is that in practice, economic growth is used to describe the process of growth in advanced industrialized countries while economic development is used to describe the dynamics of growth in low income non-industrialized countries. This position is buttressed by (Romer, 2001), where he posited that over the past few centuries, standard of living in industrialized countries has reached levels almost unimaginable to their ancestors.He affirmed that although comparisons are difficult, the best available evidence suggests that a verage real income today in the United States and Western Europe are between 10 and 30 times larger than a century ago, and between 50 and 300 times larger than two centuries ago. Following from the above, Kuznets identified six characteristics of modern economic growth. These are:  ¦ High rate of growth of per capita output and population.  ¦ High rate of increase in total factor productivity, especially labour. High rate of structural transformation of the economy.  ¦ High rate of social and ideological transformation.  ¦ Outward expansion of the developed economies i. e. the ability to reach out to the rest of the world for raw materials and markets.  ¦ The international flow of men, goods and capita. It then follows that for all these to be achieved especially for a developing economy like Nigeria some economic variables within the context of the features of the Nigerian economy must be marked upon to achieve these status mentioned above.Statement of research problem S o many blurred visions about the projection of Nigerian economy have been seen by the operators of the Nigerian economy. In the days of Abacha administration between 1993 and 1997, it was vision 2010 as led by former Head of State, Ernest Shonekan. 2010 is around the corner and nothing seems to have changed the last 15years. Another journey is being embarked upon by Yaradua and his economic team. The mission of making Nigeria one of the biggest 20 economies in the world by 2020, vision 2020-20.Whether this is achievable or not is best left for debate for scholars of economics. But if one must follow the position of Robert Solow (1956), the Ramsey-Cass-Koopman model (1928, 1965, 1965) and the Diamond model (1965), achieving the above is a function of thorough understanding of production function of a given economy. Nigeria like most countries is blessed with abundant human and natural resources, yet the economy is still groping with problems.Evidence is palpable that apart from incom e from sales of crude oil, the nation is close to zero in terms of technological advancement. The reason for this is no other than that the much needed investment to motivate technological advancement and industrialization is not forthcoming. The position of the government immediately after independence to embark upon import substitution as an industrialization strategy did not equally help matter.If investment is a catalyst for industrialization and hence economic growth, investment is made possible by another catalyst in savings. Over the years, there has not been any synergy between savings and investment in Nigeria. This problem is because of little emphasis partakers in the running of the economy are giving financial intermediation. It is in a country like Nigeria where the borrowers reign supreme at the expense of the lender.The deposit rates to the supplier of funds from the surplus units are not only meager but pittance, while the lending rates collected from the users of fu nd in the deficit unit is astronomical. So it is the issue of cutting the depositors with knife’s edge while cutting the borrower with razor’s edge. Savings is not encouraged while investment is discouraged. Economic activities slowed down, productivity neglected while economic growth in the real sense of it is stagnant.

Tuesdays with Morrie Novel Analysis

3) He lived in the late 1970s. â€Å"It is the late spring of 1979†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 3) Morrie is a sociology professor at Brandeis University. â€Å"†¦the senior class of Brandeis University†¦my favorite professor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 3) Morrie has a wife named Charlotte, and two sons named rob and Jon. â€Å"Morrie with his wife Charlotte; Morrie with his two sons rob†¦ and Jon. † (pg. 91) Mitch is about fifty one years old and lived in the 1990s. He is a sports journalist. â€Å"I earned a master’s degree in journalism and took the first job offered, as a sports writer. ’ (pg. 16) He has an older sister and a younger brother. â€Å"You have an older sister too right? † (pg. 94), â€Å"I do indeed have a younger brother†¦two-years-younger brother. † (pg. 95) Morrie’s fortune changed when he was diagnosed with ALS. â€Å"Morrie had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 7). ALS caused Morrie to â€Å"have trouble walking† (pg. ), and it caused him not to do a lot of other things like use the bathroom by himself. â€Å"Connie would wheel him to the toilet, then lift him from the chair and support him as he urinated into the beaker. † (pg. 49) His moral character also changed because he said, â€Å"Now that I’m suffering, I feel closer to people who suffer than I ever did before. † (pg. 50) Mitch’s fortune changes when the newspaper he works for goes on strike, â€Å"†¦the unions at my newspaper had gone on strike. † (pg. 44) His moral character also changes because Morrie â€Å"finally made him cry†. pg. 186). Mitch’s knowledge changes because he learns that â€Å"offering others what you have to give† will give you satisfaction. (pg. 126). He also learns how to find a meaningful life by â€Å"devoting yourself to loving others, devoting yourself to your community around you, and devoting yourself to something that gives you purpose and meaning. (pg. 127) I think that Morrie is a round character because we see different sides of him. We see a very emotional side like on page 185 when it says, â€Å"His eyes ot small, and then he cried†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we also see a carefree side like on page 5 when it says, â€Å"He would close his eyes and with a blissful smile begin to move to his own sense of rhythm. † I also think he is a static character because his personality, morals, or feelings didn’t change. I think Mitch is also a round character because we see different sides of him. We see a tough side on page 30 when it says, â€Å"I wear old gray sweatshirts and box in the local gym and walk around with an unlit cigarette in my mouth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We see an emotional side on page 186 when Morrie finally makes him cry. I think Mitch is a dynamic character because in the beginning of the story Mitch is more concentrated on his work. â€Å"In a few years, I was not only penning columns. I was writing sports books, doing radio shows, and appearing regularly on TV†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 16) Then in the middle of the story he didn’t concentrate on work because he went to visit Morrie every Tuesday. I think the most important lesson Morrie taught me was to appreciate everyday in every way. Morrie said, â€Å"The loving relationships we have, the universe around us, we take these things for granted. (pg. 84) After reading this book I truly do realize that I take things for granted. I also think â€Å"detachment† really helped me. Morrie said, â€Å"Detachment doesn’t mean you don’t let the experience penetrate you. On the contrary, you let it penetrate you fully. That’s how you let it go†. (pg. 103) I think Morrie is saying that you should feel one emotion for a sho rt period of time then let it go so you can experience another one. The first lesson to appreciate everyday in every way relates to the world. I think it relates to the world because like Morrie said, â€Å"We are too involved in materialistic things, and they don’t satisfy us. † (pg. 84) By concentrating on materialistic things, we don’t realize the love of our family and the world around us. I think the lesson â€Å"detachment† also relates to our world. Everyday we see and hear people talking about something that happened a long time ago, and they don’t experience another emotion because they are stuck on that one. Tuesdays with Morrie Novel Analysis 3) He lived in the late 1970s. â€Å"It is the late spring of 1979†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 3) Morrie is a sociology professor at Brandeis University. â€Å"†¦the senior class of Brandeis University†¦my favorite professor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 3) Morrie has a wife named Charlotte, and two sons named rob and Jon. â€Å"Morrie with his wife Charlotte; Morrie with his two sons rob†¦ and Jon. † (pg. 91) Mitch is about fifty one years old and lived in the 1990s. He is a sports journalist. â€Å"I earned a master’s degree in journalism and took the first job offered, as a sports writer. ’ (pg. 16) He has an older sister and a younger brother. â€Å"You have an older sister too right? † (pg. 94), â€Å"I do indeed have a younger brother†¦two-years-younger brother. † (pg. 95) Morrie’s fortune changed when he was diagnosed with ALS. â€Å"Morrie had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 7). ALS caused Morrie to â€Å"have trouble walking† (pg. ), and it caused him not to do a lot of other things like use the bathroom by himself. â€Å"Connie would wheel him to the toilet, then lift him from the chair and support him as he urinated into the beaker. † (pg. 49) His moral character also changed because he said, â€Å"Now that I’m suffering, I feel closer to people who suffer than I ever did before. † (pg. 50) Mitch’s fortune changes when the newspaper he works for goes on strike, â€Å"†¦the unions at my newspaper had gone on strike. † (pg. 44) His moral character also changes because Morrie â€Å"finally made him cry†. pg. 186). Mitch’s knowledge changes because he learns that â€Å"offering others what you have to give† will give you satisfaction. (pg. 126). He also learns how to find a meaningful life by â€Å"devoting yourself to loving others, devoting yourself to your community around you, and devoting yourself to something that gives you purpose and meaning. (pg. 127) I think that Morrie is a round character because we see different sides of him. We see a very emotional side like on page 185 when it says, â€Å"His eyes ot small, and then he cried†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we also see a carefree side like on page 5 when it says, â€Å"He would close his eyes and with a blissful smile begin to move to his own sense of rhythm. † I also think he is a static character because his personality, morals, or feelings didn’t change. I think Mitch is also a round character because we see different sides of him. We see a tough side on page 30 when it says, â€Å"I wear old gray sweatshirts and box in the local gym and walk around with an unlit cigarette in my mouth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We see an emotional side on page 186 when Morrie finally makes him cry. I think Mitch is a dynamic character because in the beginning of the story Mitch is more concentrated on his work. â€Å"In a few years, I was not only penning columns. I was writing sports books, doing radio shows, and appearing regularly on TV†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 16) Then in the middle of the story he didn’t concentrate on work because he went to visit Morrie every Tuesday. I think the most important lesson Morrie taught me was to appreciate everyday in every way. Morrie said, â€Å"The loving relationships we have, the universe around us, we take these things for granted. (pg. 84) After reading this book I truly do realize that I take things for granted. I also think â€Å"detachment† really helped me. Morrie said, â€Å"Detachment doesn’t mean you don’t let the experience penetrate you. On the contrary, you let it penetrate you fully. That’s how you let it go†. (pg. 103) I think Morrie is saying that you should feel one emotion for a sho rt period of time then let it go so you can experience another one. The first lesson to appreciate everyday in every way relates to the world. I think it relates to the world because like Morrie said, â€Å"We are too involved in materialistic things, and they don’t satisfy us. † (pg. 84) By concentrating on materialistic things, we don’t realize the love of our family and the world around us. I think the lesson â€Å"detachment† also relates to our world. Everyday we see and hear people talking about something that happened a long time ago, and they don’t experience another emotion because they are stuck on that one.

The Laws of Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Laws of Nature - Essay Example These laws form the backbone of the moral structure of the society hence can supersede any law made by man. Â  Natural laws are also referred to as the laws of nature. They are universal since they were there before the existence of human beings, hence, determined by nature. Classically, natural laws refer to using construct reasoning in analyzing the nature of human either personal or social to deduce any rules that are binding on moral behavior from it. Natural laws and positive laws are laws put into the construct in a certain society, state or political community. Natural laws can be put forth to criticize decisions of the judiciary on whether the law states, but not in criticizing the best interpretation of the law itself. Â  Even though, many times, natural laws are always confused with common laws but the two are different and distinct. Natural law is a view that a given set of values or rights is universally cognizant by virtues of human nature or human reasoning and by that inherent. On the other hand, common laws are the legal tradition where certain human values and rights are cognizable legally by virtue of articulation or judicial recognition. The theories of natural laws have however exercised a great influence on the English common laws development and have been featuring the philosophies of Thomas Aquinas, Richard hooker, Thomas Hobbes among other philosophers4. Â  Classical natural law - There are indeed some valid standard and truth of human rights and conducts in philosophy as stated by Plato. In his writing, Plato found out that by nature, naturally, both the selfish and the strong should prevail over those who are weak and weaken themselves by care for other people or promises or responsibilities.

Smoking in work place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Smoking in work place - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in the United States, the negative effects of cigarette smoke were first mentioned in the 1960s, by the first Surgeon General. This report initiated the gradual disenchantment with cigarettes among the members of the American public. Today, advertisements, as well as cigarette packets, are required by law to contain warning labels. In many developed nations, advertisements of cigarettes are also banned on television. There are also messages against smoking that are carried across many media channels which speak of the detrimental effects of smoking on the human body. Â  According to Kim, Kamyab, Zhu, Volpp, Kim, and Kamyab, public health organizations in America spend millions of dollars on an annual basis in efforts to help addicted smokers to leave their destructive habits. Smoking is very addictive and many smokers try, unsuccessfully, every year, to stop their habits. They use books, group therapy, skin patches and even nicotine g um to try and stop their smoking habits. For those who cannot stop this habit, there is the very real possibility of having to contend with carcinogenic effects of ingesting the poisonous compounds that are found in the process of smoking cigarettes. Many medical authorities have also conducted a multitude of studies that have established that second-hand smoke can also affect the individuals who work around smokers.

Should the Sec replace the FASB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Should the Sec replace the FASB - Research Paper Example Generally, FASB has five main goals: improving common understanding of the nature and purposes of financial reports, keeping accounting standards updated to reflect various changes in methods of conducting business and in the economy in general, promoting international convergence of accounting standards that are concurrent with making better the reasonability of financial reporting, taking into account quickly any areas of significance with regards to deficiency when it comes to financial reporting which maybe improved by way of standard setting, improving the usefulness of financial reporting by focusing on the important qualities of comparability and consistency and also on the primary characteristics of relevance and reliability.(Loren, John and Jefferson,2010) SEC stands for U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission .its mission is to protection of investors, maintaining fair, orderly, and highly efficient markets, and facilitating capital formation. The common interest of citizens is a growing economy which produces jobs, improves peoples’ living standard, and protects their savings. Thus the actions of SEC must be taken with an approach toward promotion of capital formation which is necessary for sustaining economic growth. (Young, 2003 p27) The SEC does oversee many key participants in the world of securities, including exchanges of securities, securities dealers, investment advisors, and also mutual funds. SEC is concerned with promoting disclosure of market-related information, protecting against fraud and maintaining fair dealing. SEC is the main overseer and regulator of the securities markets in the U.S., it also works hand in hand with a host of other institutions, including Congress, federal departments and agencies, the stock exchange, securities regulators, and many other private sector organizations. The main responsibilities of SEC are interpretation of

A Cosi Fan Tutte Opera Theatre Report Research Paper

A Cosi Fan Tutte Opera Theatre Report - Research Paper Example The performances were divided into a series of acts with each act being as intriguing as the next. The first act began with the officer’s confidence in their fiancà ©es faithfulness being challenged by their confidant Alfonso, who is played by Daniel Ewart and Aaron Petrovitch. This act involves the fake departure of the officers, the morning of their lovers and the arrival of the Albanians. It comprises deception by the Albanians, Don Alfonso and the housemaid, Despina who is played by Leah Brzyski and Alina Tamborini. Personally, I found the singing much more captivating than the acting, more so for the first two acts. The harmonics brought the audience in the mood and kept them attentive. The attempts of the gentlemen to seduce their lovers were quite hilarious especially having them pretend to be dying. However, it was a bit disappointing as some of the songs sang did not match the personalities of the characters performing it. It did not make sense how Fiordiligi, her si ster and Alfonso could present such a lovely song as the soldiers went off for war yet there are supposed to be self-centered. As the performance continued into the second and third days, it became less about the music for me but more about seeing what would happen next. The actors did not utilize the stage well during the succeeding acts so the only way to continue with the flow of the story was to listen to the music. This was quite disappointing especially because the first act ended in a lot of suspense.

Prejudice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Prejudice - Assignment Example The book Sky Burial is indeed a captivating novel of all time, considering the manner in which the story of Wen develops. After just a few months of marriage, Wen’s husband is taken by the Chinese army into Tibet in an urge to unify the Tibet and China. Information later comes that Wen’s husband had been killed, but little details is given on the same. Wen is then forced to go to Tibet in search of her husband after joining the army. However, she is later separated from the regiment, a point in which she wanders in trying to find her way out, with the only help coming from a group of nomads. With the assistance of the nomads, Wen journeys from place to another until she finally comes to discovering the whole truth surrounding the death of her husband. Xinran in writing the book; recreates the journey that Wen underwent, incorporating the instances of emptiness and silence that Wen underwent in an urge to find her love. It is based on such a perspective that the book has been assigned in comparing the real story and how Xinran develops it in the

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Music - Essay Example It renders new understanding of beauty associated with Impressionism. The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky was composed under the influence of avant-garde art movement in the beginning of 20th century in France which was a center of cultural experiments. At the same time, this piece focuses on Slavic culture and its specific musical elements. This piece is an interpretation of Russian folk music in an avant-garde key; complicated rhythmic structure, dissonance, disorganized melody and unconventional approach to ornamentation make this piece exceptional. It is not background music; it requires attention and understanding to be appreciated by people. It seems to be too difficult to understand at some points, but it is very engaging and beautiful music. The first half of the 20th century was the time when music changed significantly in the USA under the influence of African American culture. Swing became very popular with American population due to its lively rhythm, cheerful mood and ability to dance. Cotton Tail by Duke Ellington is a great example of swing music. It is performed by the swing orchestra; its cheerful rhythm and dancing vibes cannot make people listen patiently. Swing music gives beginning to jazz in the USA; it is simpler in its rhythmic structure but it already has syncope and harmonies typical for jazz. It is music for people who belong to the lost generation born between two wars; it is carefree, joyful and entertaining. Indeterminancy by John Cage shows a new understanding of music born in the second half of 20th century. It becomes an example of how music can be performed in other ways. Indeterminancy presents a cycle of short stories accompanied by specific sounds of various objects that are not music instruments in their primary function. This piece challenges the traditional definition of music because it is not perceived as music. However, sound effects enhance perception of the text and

Compare between contrast system software and application software Essay

Compare between contrast system software and application software - Essay Example The computer programming tools include, but are not limited to the debuggers, linkers, compilers, Microsoft software development tools and Java development tools. The document focuses only the system and application software and provides their detailed comparison. The initial section of the document contains a description of the system and application software, however, it proceeds with the comparison and contrast between the system software and application software. The system software is developed specifically for the computer systems so that the computer system starts and runs the application software. After successful installation of the system software in the computer systems is able to run separately as well as over the computer network. There are different types of system software include: operating systems, device drivers, firmware, Graphical User Interface (GUI), Middleware and free system software. Initially, the operating system(s) (type of system software) are installed on the bare hardware of the computer system to provide an interface to the computer users for provision of computer services. The prominent examples of the operating system include: the Microsoft Windows OS, LINUX, UNIX and Mac OS. Once even one of the operating systems is installed in the computer systems enable the computer user to install various computer utility software to fulfill particular requirements of the computer users. However, the Middleware (type of the system software) can also be installed in the computer system to get functionalities that are even not provided by the operating system. Usually, the Middleware system software is used by the software developers so that they can get an interface to communicate with the computer hardware. It is pertinent to mention here that overall the system software is used for the specialized purpose by the

Financial Crisis Essay Example for Free

Financial Crisis Essay The term ‘financial’ means money or money related resources and the term ‘crisis’ means deterioration or disaster or emergency so the financial crisis means the rapid deterioration of financial indicators such as asset prices and short-term interest rates which becomes the cause of financial disaster. It is also defined as the sudden change in stock rates in the financial markets. An example of financial crisis is stock market crash (Feldstein 1991, p. 1–2). The reason for financial crisis is not the huge investments made by the business leaders in the venture related activities which fail and do not bring any profitable outcome but the reason is the sweeping of numerous market participants in the heavy risk-involved dealings for the same venture for profitable means. This can be in the form of thrifts lending, bank lending or share investments in the stock market. NBER study classifies the financial crisis into three major components: 1. Domestic capital related financial crisis 2. Economic and financial crisis through international origin and transmission 3. Financial crisis transition through economic collapse Thus, the overall reasons for financial crisis arises through the excessive involvements and investments of financial resources (money, assets, properties) in the stock market for increasing the number of shares in the interest of venture. Other reasons are the unintentional means which too arises from the market through the declining rates in short-term interest and assets prices which ruin the financial resources of a developed company and finally become the reason of ‘financial crisis’ (Feldstein 1991, p. 2–3). References Feldstein, M. (1991), The Risk of Economic Crisis, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

Violence Show on TV Essay Example for Free

Violence Show on TV Essay A lot of people believe the amount of violence shown on TV and in the cinema affects the actions of our young people and therefore increases the amount of violence in our society today. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? What can be done to reduce violence in our society today? A matter of considerable controversy at present is the issue of whether young peoples actions are influenced by the amount of violence which appears on TV and in the cinema or not. From my own prospective, I believe that violence in our today society has increased due to TVs and cinema. It cannot be argued that young people immitate what they see on TVs. Eversince every home has at least one LCD, plasma or a normal TV, youngsters behaviour has radically changed: they find themselves in what they see on screen, they have models and follow them. Even if it is not a scientific proven fact, it is obvious that aggressive scenes and plots which appear in movies and talkshows encourage them to adopt a violent behaviour. Doing what they see on TV retains an image of satisfaction among young people, making aggression an habit for those still in the process of moulding themselves into what they want to be. One way to combat the problem of violence in our society today would be for the government to censor the movies and TV shows. Even if they are not allowed to watch horror and thriller movies, teenagers under 18 still get the change to do it. By introducing censorship and cutting the violence scenes, I believe young people would not be encouraged to behave violently and disruptively. It would, therefore, be impossible for them to follow this example of being aggressive. To sum up, from what has been written above, I can safely draw the conclusion that the amount of violence seen on TV and in cinema increases the fights, clashes and disruptive behaviour in our society. However, this issue can be tackled by inforcing laws in order to censor every scene which can have a bad impact on peoples behaviour.

Zang Fu Doctrine in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Zang Fu Doctrine in Traditional Chinese Medicine 1.0. Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine brilliantly in a poetic way explains the basic concepts of the correspondence between man and nature, the integrity of human body and mind, and maintenance of a dynamic balance of life activities under the influence of the internal and external environments. Confucianism and Daoism philosophies summarized and synthesized knowledge and lay the foundation for establishing a unique theoretical system for Traditional Chinese medicine. The generative and revelatory perceptions in the traditional Chinese medicine explain that the heart is the master of Zang fu. The heart is free and gives orders to its officials the zang fu organs. The heart in Chinese medicine is the totality of psychological, physiological, intellectual, and spiritual interaction with Zang fu unity. This unity is controlled by the master heart. Heart is considered as Sovereign fire (Jun Hou) and minister fire (Chen Hou), having double aspects yet being one Zang. The word Xin (Heart) is imbedded in the Chinese culture, and language and is present in centre of thought and Chinese medicine. In western terms Heart can be considered as a physically internal organ that pumps blood for circulation in terms of its bodily functions However, in Chinese it is the conception of the mental Heart, which has a long and rich cultural history through which the concept of heart has been formed. In Chinese the Heart is called Xin and referred as the organ of thinking and the seat of thought and emotions. The fundamentals of Chinese Medical Theory gives various functional qualities of the Heart and this epistemology arises from Taoist observation, Confucian reflection. Confucianism and Daoism are the two poles of one and the same axis The traditional Chinese medicine is an indispensable treasure house of the splendid classic culture. They differ, but both considered Heart as the locus of governance. 1.2 Discussion Anatomical Description The Heart is described in the canon of medicine and the classic of Difficulties (1st or 2nd B.C.) as an organ situated in the thorax with its apex contacting the diaphragm and the Lungs, and its beat can be seen or felt under the nipple, serving as the source of the pulse beat. Inside the heart there are seven hollow places. And surrounding the heart is the pericardium. The Heart looks like a lotus in bud, below the lungs and above the liver. (Yi Xue Ru Men or the ABC of Medicine, 1575). This refers to the same organ as in western medicine. (Zhufan, 1985). Heart Physiology and Pathology Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form The main physiological function of the Heart is to govern blood and to control the mind. . Governing Blood (Xue) Heart beats derive blood to circulate continuously through the vessels to nourish all  Parts of the body. This is achieved by Heart blood in the vessels and the dynamic  force that drives the blood called Heart Qi. Controlling the mind (Shen) The function of the heart to control the mind is known as the heart storing spirit. Broadly refers to dominator of life activities and in narrow sense a collective term for cognition, thinking, consciousness and mental states. The heart governs the mental activities. The Role of Zang Fu Doctrine in TCM: The doctrine Zang Fu is the theory of organ manfestations.This theory originated as early as 2000 years ago and its description appeared in the classic book The Canon of Medicine. Zang-fu is a collective name for all internal organs. There are five zang organs-the Heart, Lungs, Spleen, Liver and Kidneys, and six Fu organs-the Gallbladder, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Bladder, and Triple energizer. Also there are extraordinary organs-the brain, marrow, bones, vessels, and uterus (also the Gallbladder).Zang organs transform, produce and store and do not discharge whereas Fu organs are hollow and transport, digest food and discharge. The extraordinary organs store essential substance except the gallbladder stores bile and discharges.it. The Heart is a vital zang organ and governs the life activities of the whole body. It is called an organ of monarch in Huangdi Neijing. (Wu changguo,zhu zhongbao,2002) The Table.1 shows the relationship between heart and body, the sensory organs and the orifices: Table 1. Relationship between Heart and Zang-Organ Network and sensory orifices The heart and body inter-relationships: 1. The Heart governs and controls the blood vessels The Heart governs the blood in two ways: Transforming Food-Qi into blood. Circulation of blood similar to western medicine. Although in Chinese medicine the lungs, spleen and liver play a role in the circulation of blood. The vascular system is directly connected with Heart, and the blood circulating within the vessels is driven by Heart Qi. 2. The Heart reflects in the complexion The colour and luster of the complexion depends on the circulation of blood. A rosy and lustrous complexion is a sign of healthy Heart. 3. Relations with the Fluids Both sweat and liquid part of blood originate from the fluid assimilated from food and drink. The sweat and blood have the same source. Blood is ruled by Heart and sweat comes from the liquid part of blood, so it is called the fluid of the Heart. The close relationship between blood and sweat exists not only in physiological conditions but also in pathological changes. 4. Housing Mind Spirit (Shen) The Heart houses the mind. TCM sees the Heart as the organ that is responsible for the mind’s activities. Among all mental activities, shen is utmost important. Shen means the comprehensive manifestation of life activities, such as spirit, consciousness and thinking. There is a close relation between the blood and shen.As Blood gives energy for mental activities. Only when the blood circulation normal can shen be in good order. Being the supreme ruler the Heart not only rules all the physical activities of other zang-organs, but also governs all the mental activities related to other zang-organs. The seven emotions and the five modes of the wu shen all are regulated by Heart. Wu shen modes are attributed to zang-organ networks as shown below: Table.2 Attribution of Mental Activities and Emotions to Zang-Organs Shen dominates the movement of blood (yin) and Qi (yang) and this factor is core factor in the Chinese medicine. Shen controls Jing and Qi, which are the founding substances of the body. Although Shen is dependent on pre-natal and post natal Jing Qi for a continuous supply Shen require blood for all activities. Blood distribution takes place through the blood vessels, and the blood vessels house Shen.Huang Neijing (,) Since the mind resides in the Heart and if the heart blood is strong a person will asleep easily and the sleep will be sound. When the mind has no residence it will cause inability to fall asleep leading to a disturbed sleep. Therefore all dreams are related to the Heart. 5. Heart Paired with Small Intestine Zang organs are paired and provide residence to shen. And the Fu organs provide transportation. Fu organs store and discharge materials. The relationship between Heart and the small intestine Is of similar nature. The small intestine separates pure nutrients and from the turbid waste Then Spleen absorbs, and transports and transfers the clear nutrients to the zang –organs for storage. Water waste is discharged by the Kidneys. And solids discharges by Large intestines. The small intestines is closely related to the Heart physiologically and pathologically through its meridians connected with Heart Meridian. 6. The Heart opens into the tongue The heart masters the tongue (she) (suwen chapter 5) Tongue is seen as a mirror of heart or offshoot of the Heart Heart and tongue are internally connected with each other. The heart controls the colour, form and appearance of the tongue. Especially the tip of tongue. It also controls the sense of taste. The heart influences the tongue, talking and speech. 7. The Protection shield of Heart As an organ Pericardium is closely related to the Heart as the outer membrane covering of the Heart providing a shield. Against exterior pathogenic attacks. The Pericardium has similar functions as the Heart. Pericardium has deep influence on the state of the main especially emotional state. Heart being the supreme zang organ needs maximum protection and Pericardium is its last line of defense before any exterior pathogen penetrates the Heart. Therefore pericardium and Heart have a very close relationship. 1.3 Conclusion The traditional Chinese medicine extensively shares the world view of ancient Chinese philosophy, that the human as an integral part of nature and as replica of the universe, so that they correspond to each other in various ways. Cosmological theories of yin-yang, the five elements, and the Qi explain the formation of the universe. Chinese linguistic evidence shows that the Chinese Xin Heart is culturally conceptualized in the central faculty of cognition, which is the agent of thinking, feeling, understanding, knowing, reasoning and judging, as the seat of both mental and emotional lives of a human being. Chinese Heart is simultaneously mental, spiritual, moral, intellectual, rational, volutional,  Temperamental, and emotional. There are no two hearts but one single zang having two  aspects. 1.4 References. Michael Gershon, author of The Second Brain  a short history of Chinese philosophy of Fung Yu-LAN 1966: 17-19   wu changguo,zhu zhongbao,2002)

Victorian Essentials Learning Standards Essay -- Education

Victorian Essentials Learning Standards (VELS) is a learning strand purposed to develop problem solvers out of learners (VCAA, 2009). Focusing on ways to communicate, comprehend and envision both ideas as well as information. With all intent of developing independent leaner’s, who can think for themselves as well as be creative when it call for it. On the other hand, Principles of Learning and Teaching (PoLTS) helps the teacher review lessons and assess whether learning has taken place, in so doing determining whether the set learning objectives were met, if not how could the learning be better improved to make up for it (DEECD, 2011). It has six principles with component parts. LESSON 1: WRITING. Lesson 1 is a writing lesson. It is intended to enable learners develop and or improve their communication skills through storytelling. In the process, aid them appreciate their abilities to express themselves variously other than through just speech. The indeed intended learning out comes, which were to tell a story and communicate through text and images were achieved. It actually superseded all expectations. Learners were so engrossed in the exercise it was a pain to have to break the process at the end of the lesson. Not only was the entire lesson interactive, learners hardly needed any supervision after being shown what was required of them to accomplish. There was a lot of free expression and their involvement was total, even from the usually shy students. Moving around among them to supervise what they were doing showed they had caught on well with the lesson. Every one of them was excited to show off what they had been able to achieve and all were proud of their results. By virtue of the fact the learners were able to tell t... ...aching. Retrieved June 3, 2012, from http://www.education.vic.gov.au/studentlearning/teachingprinciples/default.htm ERIC Digest, ED407938 1997-00-00 Concept Mapping: A Graphical System for Understanding the Relationship between Concepts. Retrieved June 3, 2012, from www.eric.ed.gov Jonassen, D. H., Carr, C.& Yueh, H. P. (1998) Computers as Mindtools for Engaging Learners in Critical Thinking. TechTrends, v43 n2 p24-32 Sarama, J. & Clements, D. H. (2006) Mathematics, Young Students, and Computers: Software, Teaching Strategies and Professional Development. University at Buffalo, State University of New York. 2006, Vol. 9, No. 2, 112-134 VCAA. (2009). Teaching, learning and assessment advice. Retrieved June 3, 2012, from http://vels.vcaa.vic.edu.au/support/teaching.html VELS. (2008) Interdisciplinary Learning Strand: Information and Communications Technologies

Public Relations and Democratic Communication Essays -- Democratic Com

Consider the arguments for and against the view that Public Relations enhance democratic communication. While democratic communication influenced by many different factors, especially in capitalist society, the elites represents as dominant groups that have more opportunities to express their voice. Among to the rest, Public Relations play an important role in the communication between public and different organizations. The core of this essay is based on the debate of whether Public Relations enhance democratic communication. This paper will mainly divide into three sections. Firstly, the discussion on the main question will focus on if the public relations have beneficially effects on democratic communication; secondly, the discussion will be the neutrality opinion about the relationship between public relations and democracy communication; thirdly, the reasons why the theorists considering the public relations reinforce the democratic communication will be listed. The primary hypothesis of this debate is Public Relations have beneficial effects on democratic communication. Public Relations mainly target on public, which through spinning and lobby group work to promote the image of political groups, corporate and other organizations, and then release the stress relationship between public and groups. In the beginning of twentieth century, the emergence of public relations was for getting on well with the speed of commercial development, as what Stanley Kelley describe, this group is ‘a class of professional propagandists’ (Stanley Kelley: 1956, p.16). However, in nowadays, this group of people actively can be found among political groups, advertising purposes and marketing issues etc. The members within professional ... ...002) Public relations democracy: public relations, politics and the mass media in Britain Manchester University Press pp47 Miller, D & Dinan, W (2007) ‘Public Relations and the Subversion of Democracy’ cited in Miller, D & Dinan, W (eds.) Thinker, Faker, Spinner, Spy: Corporate PR and the Assault on Democracy, London: Pluto Press Moloney, K (2006a) Rethinking Public Relations, 2nd edition, London: Routledge Kavanagh (1995) cited in Davis, Aeron (2002) Public relations democracy: public relations, politics and the mass media in Britain Manchester University Press Neill (1998) appeared in Davis, Aeron (2002) Public relations democracy: public relations, politics and the mass media in Britain Manchester University Press Miller, D & Dinan, W (2000) ‘The rise of the PR Industry in Britain, 1979-1998’ European Journal of Communication, 15(1): 5-35 pp. 13

The Legend of Narcissus :: Greek Mythology

In Greek mythology, â€Å"Narcissism" has its roots from the legend of Narcissus, a young man whom most deemed extremely handsome. A nymph named Echo developed an obsessive infatuation with Narcissus but he was unwilling to reciprocate such feelings to her or others. She finally gave up and isolated herself. Narcissus was then cursed to become socially isolated and reviled due to his complete self absorption by loving his own shadow from the pool (Wall & Loewenthal, 1998). Havelock Ellis (1898) first developed the concept of narcissism as a psychological construct referring to excessive masturbation by the people become their own sexual objects. Then this concept was adopted by Sigmund Freud (1914/1957) and other prominent psychoanalysts. Interestingly, the term â€Å"Narcissistic Personality Disorder† was first introduced by Heinz Kohut (1968), the founder of self psychology, and â€Å"Narcissistic Personality† by Otto Kernberg (1970) who is the major contributor of modern object relations theory. The DSM did not adopt the diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder until in the third revised edition published in 1980 (Siomopoulos, 1988). Thus, throughout the last century, the general term â€Å"narcissism† has been usually seen in the literature rather than Narcissistic Personality Disorder. From a recent study by Pincus et al. (2009), narcissism has been conceptualized as â€Å"one’s capacity to maintain a relatively positive self-image through a variety of self-, affect- and field-regulatory processes. It underlies individuals’ needs for validation and affirmation as well as the motivation to overtly and covertly seek out self-enhancement experiences from the social environment† (p.365). Normal and pathological narcissism. Researchers usually use the terms normal and pathological features of narcissism to describe adaptive and maladptive personality structure respectively, representing different psychological needs for self enhancement, validation, and regulatory mechanisms (e.g., Kernberg 1998, Kohut 1977, Morf 2006, Pincus 2005, Ronningstam 2009, Stone 1998). Some believe that normal and pathological narcissism are situated on a single continuum or dimension from healthy to disordered functioning (e.g., Cooper, 2005; Miller, Hoffman, Campbell & Pilkonis, 2008; Paulhus, 1998; Ronningstam, 2005b & Watson, 2005), while others contended that adaptive and pathological narcissism may be two distinct personality dimensions (e.g., Ansell 2006, Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Pincus et al., 2009; Rathvon & Holmstrom, 1996; Wink, 1991). It could be found that the studies of social and personality psychology have more interest in the normal narcissism (e.g. Miller & Campbell, 20 08 ), whereas those researchers in clinical psychology focused more on the studies of pathological narcissism (e.

Causes of Criminal Behavior

In today’s time, deviance and crime plaque American society. There are vast degrees of deviance, from a simple shoplifter, to a car thief, to a killing machine with no conscience, otherwise known as a serial killer. How is this killing machine created? Where and how does this type of criminal behavior begin? The answers to these questions must be addressed in order to stop the formation of deviance. While searching for these answers, the nature vs. nurture is brought up. Scientist and psychologists have debated over whether a child’s upbringing forms their behavior or whether they are born with a personality disorder, or could it be their body type and brain set up? (Jones 1) Society may never truly know all the causes of this behavior but for now, they wrong upbringing can, without a doubt, increase the chances of violent behavior. It has been said for years that ones parents are the base to make someone the person they become as an adult. Parents are a young child’s role model, but as we grow older we start to have other influences in our lives. People such as our friends, teachers, and other family members are considered to be part of our outside environment. In today’s time we are seeing less nuclear families and more single parent households. (Waggoner 30) Kimberly J. Waggoner did a study called, â€Å"The Project of Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods† which followed 80 young kids, till the age of 30, to see what kind of an impact their childhood had on them as an adult. She found that without two reliable role models, it can make a difference in that child’s behavior. Waggoner 30) She makes a great point that, â€Å"Grandmothers often play an important role in preventing children from developing antisocial behavior, especially those children born to teen mothers. In essence, children with access to extended family and other role models can thrive in a single- parent home. † She also goes on to say, â€Å"Yet, some studies have found that boys raised by their birth mother and a stepfat her are no better off than boys raised by mom alone. † (Waggoner 30) The cause of this could be that the boys look at their stepfather as competitors, rather than role models, who normally help children develop their self-esteem. Boys need to have that male role model in their lives. Without a solid home environment, it could lead a child towards the first step to criminal behavior, which is delinquent behavior. It starts as young as preschool. The child shows aggressive behavior toward their peers, and is than deemed as an outcast. Most times, this creates poor peer relations and causes those children to b e with others who share similar behaviors; usually these relationships continue into adolescents and maybe even adulthood. Waggoner 28) A child’s environment and upbringing has a tremendous effect on who they become as an adult. â€Å"As an adult, we can choose the environment in which to live, and this will either positively or negatively reinforce our personality traits†¦ However, children are limited to the extent of choosing their environment, which accounts for the greater influence of environmental factors in childhood behavior,† says Caitlin Jones, a professor at the Rochester Ins titute of Technology. Jones 4) Even though all these things can cause criminal behavior, they are not the only causes. Parents could be great and do almost everything right and still have a criminal child on their hands. It is a great question they may never be answered, what makes some people commit vindictive criminal acts, while others could not even kill a fly? We may never truly know the answer but, there are plenty of theories on the brain of a criminal. An Italian psychiatrist by the name of Cesare Lombroso has done countless studies of the skulls of criminals and found, â€Å"†¦ each type of crime is committed by men with a particular physiognomic characteristics, such as a lack of a bred or an abundance of hair†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rafter 69) In 1876 during an in depth study, Lombroso discovered most skulls of criminals were unusually small or malformed. Some of the skulls had a median occipital fossetta, and others had â€Å"monkeylike anomalies†. (Rafter 70) Criminals are said to look like everyone else, but there are little differences that to the normal person, go unnoticed. So they really do not look a whole lot different than the rest of us, yet they are still thought to be â€Å"backward intellectually compared to an honest man. †(Rafter 69) Another theory behind the criminal mind was brought up in the late 18th century by a German physician named Johann Gasper Spurzheim, and he came to what he thought, was an inescapable conclusion, â€Å"†¦ on the basis of numerous examples I have identified the primary cause of homicide, overdevelopment of the organ of Destructiveness, which is the seat of both negative and useful forms of destruction†¦It is commonly larger in men than women. (Rafter 78) Crimes are committed everyday; there are so many theories on the causes of crime one could talk about them for days. I believe both Lombroso and Spurzheim had great points; criminals are considered to be backward, which causes them to be vain, vindictive, remorseless, and undeterrable. Than, Spurzheim, believing in his organ of Destructiveness. Th ere is just one thing wrong with both of these theories; they leave out the women criminals. Men may be considered to be more physically violent than women but, they are just as capable as men at committing a violent act. Take the case of Andre Yates: in 2001, she systematically drowned her five children in a bath tub. Andre married a man by the name of Rusty Yates in 1993, and than she became pregnant six times in seven years, one ended in a miscarriage. Rusty insisted that Yates home school and take full care of the children herself. This placed heavy burdens on her and isolated her from social support. In early 2001, Andre lost her father and was prescribed antipsychotic drugs, she had her last child and went into postpartum psychosis. After drowning the children, Yates confessed she was not a good mother and was possessed by Satan. (Rafter 6) All the burdens of schooling, caring and cleaning up after five children can drive some mothers crazy. She could not handle all that stress than, after the trauma of losing her father, and having another baby, Andre Yates finally snapped. She is now incarcerated in a mental hospital. Cesare Lombroso also studied women criminals. He compared female offenders to their male counterparts and found â€Å"the few violent women exceed men in their ferocity and cruelty. (Rafter 71) Of course, there are far more crimes that are committed by men than women, yet women should not be eliminated from the world of crime. A criminal is a criminal, regardless of gender. Why do some offenders only commit one crime and others make a career out of it? A range of thoughts and theories exist. Some of those include: Kimberly Waggoner and all her ideas of childhood causes, outside environment, and our upbringing, Caitlin Jones and being able to choose our own environment as an adult to stop potential criminals. Also important are those of Nicole Rafter and the criminal brain, along with Lombroso, on women criminals and their male counterparts. Criminal behavior has been the subject for debate for centuries and will continue to be for centuries to come because, â€Å"Criminals are remorseless, incapable of resisting impulse to harm others, and morally savage, but in other aspects normal. † (Rafter 20) Hopefully, with all the knowledge we have and the studies yet to come, it will help to end the frustration that criminal justice psychiatrist experience while trying to fight crime, instead they will be able to understand, control and prevent crime.

Discrimination Due to Racism

THEME: DISCRIMINATION due to RACISM The scars of discrimination on society as a whole and people as individuals. Discrimination has caused a lot of sufferings on our people and ancestors in many ways around the world which scars lives of people from generation to generation as well as affects individuals and society as a whole.I have chosen a range of societies by selecting the texts, Dawn Raids play-script written by Oscar Knightley, Freedom Writer movie directed by Richard LaGravenese, Othello play-script written by William Shakespeare, Black Like Me novel based on a true story written and experienced by John Howard Griffin and The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till told by his mother, Uncles and cousins presented by Top Documentary Films. These texts explore a wide range of societies including Black Americans, White Americans, Africans, Pacific Islanders, New Zealanders, Asians, Latinos and other cultures too.These texts help reveal how discrimination scars society and people as in dividuals. What do we see in the text that portrays discrimination? As depicted in the play script Dawn Raids, we are introduced to some racist polices in New Zealand who stopped brown people on the streets asking them for passports in search of over stayers. These racist polices only picked on brown faces that they assumed were Samoans, Tongans, or Fijians. They even stopped Maoris asking them what country they’re from, being treated like over stayers in their own country.There were Europeans and Asians who were over stayers but polices never bothered them to ask for passports. Polices would crash into Pacific people’s houses early in the morning chasing them with dogs frightening their children, families and their neighbours. They were humiliated and embarrassed in front of their neighbours, their children and worst of all they were being treated badly in their own home. This racist act resulted in most Pacific Islanders were being separated and deported back to thei r Islands in a very cruel manner due to their racist hatred towards the Pacific Islanders.This shows that racism humiliates people and affects them in so many ways and discrimination should be stopped. This type of hatred towards other races is also obvious in the movie Freedom Writer but with more races involved, where Latinos, Asians, Black Americans and white Americans are separated into gangs and are targeted by racist white polices. The gangs hate each other due to their races and backgrounds but the one seemed lower than everyone else is the black people. White racist polices pinned down Marcus for a crime he did not commit due to his skin colour being black. I sat there until the police came. But when they come, all they see is a dead body, a gun, and a nigger†. He wasted months of his life locked up in a cell for crime he did not commit but being black put him as the killer and so someone had to pay the price. It shows in this text, justice meant someone had to pay the price and â€Å"someone† meant anyone who is not white. White polices didn’t care who committed the crime because all they wanted was someone to blame and Marcus was the one black guy that was around and due to his race and skin colour being black he was an easy target to pin the crime on.This text shows that racism ruled over justice and how discrimination can destroy one’s life forever. Another text which shows clinging to the belief of discrimination due to racism scars society and people is Othello, where Iago a jealous white man used racism slurs when he awakens Brabantio with the news that his daughter Desdemona, a white young lady has eloped with Othello. He used animal imagery in his racist diatribe against Othello, which is grounded in the idea that black –men and woman—is inhuman. â€Å"Even now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise!Arise; awake the snorting citizens with the bell. Or else the devil will make a gr andsire of you. Arise I say. † Iago refers to Othello as an â€Å"old black ram† and is â€Å"tupping† Brabantio’s â€Å"white ewe† Desdemona. He plays on the Elizabeth notions that black men have an animal like hyper-sexuality. This seems geared at manipulating Brabantio’s fears of miscegenation, between Othello and Desdemona. So due to Iago’s racist attitude towards Othello, Brabantio and few others tries to separate Othello from Desdemona. This shows how discrimination can affect love ones and individuals due to discrimination.In contrast Black Like Me a non-fiction novel based on a true story of John Howard Griffin, who changed his skin colour to black to try and find out how it feel likes to be black. He was called names like ‘nigger’ and he felt like an outcast amongst the white people, his own people. He found it hard to get along with white people as he gets ‘hatred glares’ from them but gets loving, w arm greetings and invitations from black people. Black people were being pushed away into hiding, poverty which caused a lot of sufferings for the black society as a whole, all young and old because of the colour of their skin.This shows that discrimination affected the black society leading them to poverty, misery, homeless and sufferings. The text The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till shows an identical horrific incident that scarred the Black Society at that time and even up to now in America. A young boy named Emmett Till was brutally murdered in Mississippi, America. Emmett was 14 years of age when he was taken from his uncle’s house by two white men due to the fact that he whistled at a white lady.Emmett loved to play around and had a sense of humour which led him to whistling at the white lady which caused his death by the hand of two racist white men. This reason for their action was very unacceptable and racist because if it had been a white man who whistled at the l ady, the white people nor anyone would do anything but since Emmett was black and not white, he paid the price of death. These white people had to prove a point that they were superior and they had to prove it by killing a 14 year old boy.Emmett’s mother had to keep the casket open to show the world the face of her son and what the white people did to him. The result of the brutal manners that was done was unimaginable and indescribable. Emmett’s face was unrecognized by his family and friends but especially by his own mother. His teeth were knocked out and his mother â€Å"took pride in them because they were the most beautiful thing I have ever seen. † There was a massive hole on his head and his mother â€Å"could see right through. † His skull was broken in the middle and his tongue was cut and hanging down.The world attended the funeral to have a look at Emmett and this angered the white people. They sent racist letters of threats calling names like â€Å"niggers†, â€Å"savages† and treat of house being bombed. This text shows how black and white were separated by racism and how discrimination took control destroying the black society physically and emotionally. How does the context (time, place, social condition and other people) enhance the occurrence of discrimination due to racism? My text consistently displays the social condition, times and places where/when white were superior of all races.A time we now look back and feel embarrassed that it ever happened, a time of suffering, of pain, of struggle and temptation but hope was always in front and kept them going. In Dawn Raids this event happened in the mid-1970s to early 1980s during the most embarrassing time of New Zealand, where most islanders were being woken up early in the cold mornings at dawn with dogs and flashlights trashing things that came their way, handcuffed and held in cells. These times made racism easier for polices because they had the au thorities to pick on anyone but they chose only to pick on brown faces for over stayers.It was during the time when New Zealand brought Pacific Islanders to New Zealand to work in factories and do hard works and by that it meant that Pacific Islanders had to obey Pakehas and do as they are told. They lived in fear and under pressure because their lives were being controlled. This shows that discrimination affects and destroys lives of the Islanders and it should have been prevented and stopped. In Freedom Writer is based on a time where whites were still superior to all races and black being the lowest of them all and a time in America where black people were blamed for almost every crime.This show a time where freedom was deprive of the non-white people due to racism. Othello is a text that was influenced by the occurrence of racism through words of hatred, jealousy and a time where people believed in strange things concerning the devil, more religious believers and strong Christia n faiths. Iago refers to Othello as the â€Å"devil† even though Othello’s Christian, as indicating that black were evil and that â€Å" the devil† often took the form of a black man, which as to make Othello seem as something miserable and should be treated like an animal.These racist words of Iago were used to persuade Brabantio that it is impossible for Desdemona to fall in love with Othello because of his race. This shows a time where Othello’s race was seen as something not desirable or wanted. Othello is similar to Black like me where in accordance with social segregation of time, finding a job for black people was difficult and hard. They couldn’t find a restroom or cafe allowed for black to enter and use. This shows a time in America where black people were neglected of their needs and social involvement because of their skin colour.According to The untold story of Emmett Till and it’s devastating incident, that occurred during the t ime of the white being superior to black and slavery still seen around, black people were seen lower than whites and other races. Black people would be treated like animals and white people would get away with it. it shows a time where black people at that time still had no protection from the law, a time where they weren’t yet allowed to vote or speak their minds. This made racism worse for black people because they had no say in anything, due to most of them being brought up in the culture of slavery.So, in these texts it shows how the context can enhance the occurrences of racism shown through discrimination and why discrimination should be stopped. Why do people discriminate (including those in the texts)? There is no single, simple answer to this question. To begin with, it seems to be a human trait to dislike and distrust anyone we perceive as being â€Å"different. † It also seems to be a human trait to judge groups of people by the actions and attitudes of a fe w and it also seems to be a human trait to think that what we believe, how we live, and what we are is the only â€Å"right† way to believe, live, and be.People are not born racist and they learn this behaviour from their family, friends, and other important people in their lives. This is a personality disorder, I believe, based on a person's lack of self-worth. During the years of Affirmative Action (employment preference given to blacks) in America, many non-blacks were passed over for promotions and jobs which they considered rightfully theirs and this caused a great deal of bitterness. This particular program has not been around for many years, but older workers probably recall it clearly and still hold a great deal of resentment, like wise shown on the text Black Like Me.Some people  discriminate due to one's skin colour being different from theirs, backgrounds and where they’re from. It shows that white people discriminate black people because they believe that they are superior and they can do anything and get away with it without punishments. In Dawn Raids it shows that polices discriminate because immigrants were getting bigger and better in New Zealand and plus they didn't need them anymore; they had no use for them any longer.That was a selfish and unloving way, of how discrimination worked. Iago in Othello was totally under the influence of jealousy and hatred towards Othello, which resulted in a very tragic event of deaths and broken hearts and trusts between the two lovers, Othello and Desdemona, together with the help of religious faith and beliefs. In The Untold Story of Emmett Till it shows that the â€Å"white society† discriminates basically because of skin colours and ethnicity together with the echoing background of slavery from years ago.Similar to Freedom Writer it shows that students discriminates because of things that happened in the past, stories told by their fathers, their brothers, sisters and mothers. They kill each other and fight against each other even to death, shooting each other down because of the fact that their backgrounds and ethnics are different, they believe in different things and their past experiences due to racism and racial-hatred. Hatred and fear of others being superior or overpowering them made discrimination stronger but less do they know that they all have a lot in common than they know of.So discrimination should be stopped because it is unfair, unloving, painful, sorrowful and straight inhuman-like and lets come together and try make a difference for our next generations. Conclusion: People discriminate for many reasons; fear, envy, desire for power or a need to disassociate them from others but especially because of racism. Racism is and will always remain a central issue which is heard, seen and recognized in most countries, in societies and amongst individuals which causes a lot of sufferings.These issues of discrimination scars every aspect of economic cul tural and political life by overt or covert racism acts, either in offensive loud bang or in a subtle manner. In many ways discrimination due to racism blur the line of accepted and unaccepted societal norms, that to destroy and subjugate others –either through perpetuation of physical violence or words– is a phenomenon as old as time. These actions wounds societies and people as individuals which healed but left scars that will never fade or forgotten.What is disconcerting are the facts, figures and the damages caused to an individual and society as a whole. Painful tortures done behind doors and are swept under the rugs without others knowing or recognizing the damages. Hundreds of years ago people have paid a price for being racially different, tortured, and subjugated or killed, despite the advancement in culture, science and technology. People have been categorized and stereotyped which made discrimination easier. The root of the problem lies in our physical or cu ltural differences which involves skin colour, anguage, religion or tribe, hence the solutions too comes from this problem of being different. We should learn to love the different cultures and when  we meet people and learn about them we are really all just the same. I have zero tolerance for racism because it has resolved nothing for as long as racism has been, and it's the likes of JFK, Bobby Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr, losing their lives for these very principles to make one realize that certain people are terrified that wars that should never have been, will be ended and there will be equality for all races of man.We should learn from these great men and strive to get along together rather than to fight with one another. I believe that by accepting and maybe celebrating differences is just one way of educating ourselves on these differences of cultures, and just maybe, a zero tolerance towards racism as an individual or society as a whole could pave the way for less o f it and try make this world a better place, discrimination-free and racism-free for our children, our children's children.A world where we can all come together as one with peace and love no matter what race, skin-color or country we're from, because I believe that  without discrimination and racism, the world would be a much better place for our species to multiply and replenish with equality for every man no matter what differences we have. Discrimination and racism should be stop and prevented forever. Don’t ignore or avoid the scars of discriminations. Bibliography: Shakespeare,William ‘Othello' playscript http://www. william-shakespeare. info/act1-script-text-othello. htm Knightley, Oscar   Ã¢â‚¬ËœDawn Raids’  Ã‚   ()playscript from school http://www. laymarket. org. nz/node/3328 LaGravenese, Richard  (2007)  Freedom Writer’ movie http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0463998/  or Youtube http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=m0PRB4YsXn4;feature=rela ted Griffin, John Howard ()‘Black Like Me’   based on a real life event, based on a true story. http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0057889/   http://books. google. co. nz/books/about/Black_Like_Me. html? id=ObTddfcqk2gC;redir_esc=y     Top Documentary Film (1950s)‘TheUntold Story of Emmett Louis Till’   http://topdocumentaryfilms. com/the-untold-story-of-emmett-louis-till/

Promote Professional Development Essay

PROMOTE PROFRESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 1.1 Explain the importance of continually improving knowledge and practice. As a professional, I have a responsibility to engage in continuous professional development. This means taking action in keeping my skills and knowledge and to seeking to improve my capabilities across the range of task I carry out daily. Continually improving my knowledge is essential to my role and ensures I have the skills and knowledge to create the best for the organisation that I work for. I need to be aware of most up to date legislations and guidelines, and the well fare requirements. As a senior support worker it is even more vital that I am aware and up to date with the above, as part of my role is to guide, support and influence other staff to do well in their own roles. Your own professional development does not only impact on yourself but other staff, the organisation and the service users. Reflective practice is a huge part of professional development and you need to be skilful in this to really benefit from it, criticising your own practice might not always be easy but taking a step back, and taking another look at it can benefit yourself and your skills. To be able to improve my own knowledge is very important to me, to be able to benefit my role or future role. In doing this I feel I am progressing in my career, keeping myself desirable to other employers and maximising my potential to do well in my career. Therefore if I continue to develop professionally and improve my knowledge resulting in me improving my practice I will: Become a positive role model to other staff Be confident in my own abilities and future employment Lead and influence staff positively with the correct information and highest standards 1.2 Analyse potential barriers to professional development. As with all aspects of working in a healthcare setting there is a risk of facing potential boundaries and barriers to professional development. Some of which could be: Training Cost of or development days and whether staffs cover is available – this could obviously impact whether staff member are able to attend training and rations within the setting would undoubtedly  still have to be adhered to, and whether funding would be available to send the desired staff on the course. In order for me to progress within my professional development, I should consider any potential barriers. Once these barriers have been identified I should look at these barriers as challenges to overcome and not problems which may remain unsolved. I consider barriers as a stepping stone to improving my skills and knowledge in the perfect world for myself and every member of staff to attend new and refresher courses would be an accomplishment in itself. Unfortunately there will be barriers to cross. PERSONAL BARRIERS could be in the form of: Intellectual limitations. We all have different learning styles. Some may have no problem sitting in a class in front of a teacher taking notes or seeing visuals. While others will learn better being more practical. I myself will learn better being more hands on. Show me how to do something and I will be able to do it. However put me in a class room and I find it more difficult to learn. I have tried to overcome this classroom issue by teaching myself not to make lengthy notes on everything that I hear. What I now do is make short notes. Language barriers could play a big part in a member of staff understanding what they are hearing and reading. Should this happen managers should encourage this member of staff to get extra help from their managers and Early Years Foundation Stage advisor. English for speakers of other languages or for additional language courses should be suggested for this person to attend. Then you may have a member of staff who is over confident and think training/courses are a waste of time and be less willing to attend. 1.3 Compare the use of different sources and systems of support for professional development Equipped with an understanding of the types of barriers faced in healthcare, we now have to identify the barriers that our organisation faces. This will involve looking at the specific barriers for different individuals in our organisation in relation to a particular piece of evidence-based guidance. When implementing any new policy or guidance, it is essential to identify the gap between recommended practice and current practice (baseline assessment). Ideally, this assessment will also help to identify the potential and actual barriers to change, allowing you to pinpoint the practical actions needed to implement the change along with the groups of  professionals who are key in bridging this gap. Those affected by change maybe the managers or support staff and individual roles and how people work with others will need to be considered. Talking to a key individual or a group of key individuals is an informal way of gaining Insight into a particular problem or situation. This method has a number of advantages, For example: †¢ It enables ideas to be explored in an iterative fashion †¢ Detailed information can be obtained †¢ It is quick and inexpensive. There may be some disadvantages, for example: †¢ It relies heavily on the key individual(s) †¢ The responses may be subject to bias †¢ It may be difficult to find the right person (or people) to talk to †¢ Additional corroboration may be needed. Talking to a key individual may be used, for example, when you are considering Introducing a new procedure on to a service. By discussing the potential barriers That might arise as a result of introducing the new procedure with key individuals that Will be affected, you can get specific details of the problems you are likely to face. Several ways Direct observation Sometimes the best way of assessing current clinical practice in your organisation is by Observing individual behaviours and interactions. This is especially appropriate if you are Looking at events that happen quite often, for example, personal care. This method has A number of advantages, for example: †¢ It enables detailed analysis of current behaviours in context †¢ It eliminates reporting bias †¢ It can provide a useful method for monitoring progress, if repeated on a  regular basis. Use a questionnaire A questionnaire is a good way of exploring the knowledge, Beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of a group of geographically Dispersed healthcare professionals. Careful thought Needs to be given to the design of the questions, as the Quality of the answers relies heavily on the quality of the Questions. Both electronic and paper formats can be used to encourage responses. This method has a number of  advantages, for example: †¢ It allows rapid collection of relatively large amounts of data from a large number of people †¢ It enables statistical analysis of standardised data †¢ It provides the opportunity to highlight the need for change through communication of the results †¢ It is relatively inexpensive. Team meeting Team meetings are a powerful means of evaluating current practice and testing new ideas. They comprise a facilitated discussion or interview involving the full support team. Open questions are posed by the facilitator, who then encourages the group to discuss their experiences and thoughts, and reflect on the views of others. This method has a number of advantages, for example: †¢ It enables a representative group of people to share ideas †¢ It allows a wide range of in-depth information to be obtained †¢ It encourages new ideas and perspectives †¢ It helps get people engaged in the change process Supervisions/Appraisals The primary functions of supervision are: administrative case management; reflecting on and learning from practice; personal support; professional development; and mediation, in which the supervisor acts as a bridge between  the individual staff member and the organisation they work for. Organisations are likely to succeed by having workers who are skilful, knowledgeable, clear about their roles, and who are assisted in their practice by sound advice and emotional support. This should come from a supervisor with whom they have a good professional relationship. Research into what happens within supervision suggests that effective supervision generates good outcomes for workers while experience suggests that â€Å"the consequences of absent, inadequate, or negative forms of supervision poses a threat to workforce stability, capacity, confidence, competence and morale.

Greek Heroes Comparison with Modern Movies Essay

Greek mythology talks about different stories of heroes and villains in ancient times. I believe most of the stories are about war and tragedy. To name some are Ajax and the Trojan war. However, learning these different stories is very fascinating and intriguing. Each of the characters had his own goal to achieve whether or not with the help of someone (i. e. god or goddess). Below are five Greek heroes in ancient literature that showed their own ideals, talents and personality in the works of Homer, Hesiod and Sophocles. Homer’s â€Å"Iliad†: 1. Achilles. The greatest Greek warrior of the Trojan War. He was in love with Briseis whom Agamemnon commanded him to replace the enslaved Chryseis (Wikipedia, 2009). 2. Hector. He was a Trojan prince and a spearman whom Achilles has killed to avenge his friend Patroclus’s death. He was the greatest fighter of Troy (Wikipedia, 2009). Hesiod’s â€Å"Theogony†: 3. Prometheus. He was a Titan god [of fire] and his name literally means â€Å"forethought†. It is said that he was ambivalent and a lowly challenger of Zeus. (Answers, 2009). 4. Eros. He was the Greek god of love, lust, beauty and intercourse, and son of Aphrodite. He is represented by a naked child carrying bow and arrow. He sprang from the primordial Chaos together with Gaea (the Earth), and Tartarus (the underworld). He fell in love with Psyche and lived with her in his home but later on, their brittle peace was ruined by her jealous sisters. (Answers, 2009). Sophocles’s â€Å"Ajax†: 5. Odysseus. He was a great warrior, a rival of Ajax who was favored by the goddess Athena. He took pity on the delusional Ajax. He was the one who convinced the king to have Ajax buried despite of their past conflicts (Nathanbauman, 2009). Developing a character in a modern movie The five aforementioned Greek heroes built a composite picture of ancient heroic model in the modern movie character like Jason Bourne in The Bourne Identity [and its sequels The Bourne Supremacy and The Bourne Ultimatum] by Robert Ludlum, which is based on his novel of the same title. The movie portrays a spy who lost his memory and who is in constant run (Liman, 2002). The Jason Bourne character is strong, loving, life-preserving, a fighter and a challenger. He is being chased by the members of his previous team to eliminate him. This is to preserve the secret that the team has done in the past – the assassination attempt on the dictator Nyakwana Wombosi. Other spies and hitmen were also sent to go after him but they were all eliminated instead by him (Liman, 2002). Strong and fighter. Like Achilles, Hector and Odysseus, Jason Bourne is strong and a very good fighter. He has the instinct of self-preservation even though he lost his memory. He used advanced hand-to-hand combat (see Figure 1) and sometimes with the use of weapons, whichever is close at hand and available . It can be seen in the movie that he knocked the two police officers unconscious, who attempted to arrest him in the park for sleeping and without ID. Other scenes were when he Your Surname Here and page number was in the bank and the U. S. Consolate. He was then chased by the police and authorities, respectively. At the time that he was on the run, that was when he met Marie. He offered her money to drive for him and away from his pursuers (Liman, 2002). Loving. Like Eros and Psyche, they fell in love with each other (see Figure 1). And yet, to be able to protect Marie from all the danger he is facing, he separated himself from her; he sent her away even though they were already attached to each other. She originally did not want to leave him but he insisted (Liman, 2002). Challenger. Just like Prometheus, Jason Bourne is considered a lowly challenger to the CIA. He is alone but he accepted the challenge of risking his life just to find out his true identity and his past. Even though he did not know what the real deal was, he did not let himself lose to those men who wanted him dead. Figure 1. The Bourne Identity. A photo of Jason Bourne running, fighting with a hitman and kissing Marie (Liman, 2002). Works Cited Answers. com. Eros. July 2009. Answers. com. Prometheus. July 2009. Liman, Doug. The Bourne Identity. Perf. Matt Damon. Universal Studios, 2002. Nathanbauman. com. Odysseus. January 2009. Wikipedia. com. Achilles. July 2009.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Art - Essay Example Just like the expression that ‘beauty is in the eyes of the beholder’, the appreciation for aesthetic value in art, lies in a more profound understanding of the beholder. The significance of studying art as a discipline is taken in the context that with greater knowledge of art, one gets the chance to be enriched, not only in theoretical knowledge of different works of art from various time frames; but more so, develop a more keen and analytical perspective in appreciating the intended meaning that the artists have relayed through their personal creation. Thus, more than just seeing or visualizing art works, the study of art has provided the improvement of skills in interpretation, in possessing a critical eye, as well as in understanding how art evolved through time using different media, elements, resources, and the application of creative skills and styles, as evident from one period to the other. In a particular work of art, for instance, one previously responds through interpreting the creation in its purely visual representation. This means that one gets to comment on the aesthetic quality: the vividness of the colors, the shading, and the images that are seen. Upon delving into a more in-depth understanding of art through the course, one recognized more elements of art could actually be evaluated as forming an integral part of the art work. For instance, one could analyze the juxtaposition of images and how it contributed to the overall unity and message of the work of art. In addition, one could discern, despite the abstract expression of an artist, the real meaning that was intended for the viewers through the use of colors, forms, and creative style. As such, when figuring out an art work that one plans to hang on the wall, the qualities that would be included in the selection process would not merely depend on the way the art work looks (visual qualities); but on the overall ability of the

Corporate Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Communications - Essay Example Corporate Communications In today’s work educational institutions, organisations, dynamic and cultural environment require employees and students to work together in groups at certain coordinative and tolerant levels. This will provide vast experience of working in teams or groups. Members of the team should apply reflective practice for the success of the team. In everything we do we learn from experience. After analysing previous experiences it gives us deep understanding of what was done, why it was a failure or a success, and what could have been done for better results. Reflection enables teams, groups, and individuals to improve working practices and move forward. It reinforces sense of accomplishment and competence at the same time helps in recognising areas of weaknesses. The concept of practice is where an individual has an active idea which reflects on various events and use what they learn from them to improve future events. Reflective practice has been recognised as essential skill for ind ividuals who are required to evaluate and analyse their professional or personal performance. An effective teamwork is both difficult and simple; this is because there might be lack of cooperation, limited resources, and misunderstanding between group members. Factors, which affect the groups and teamwork, are both in the work environment and within the team itself. The team should understand the targets and goals and commit themselves to attain them. This is a clear agreement and direction as purpose and mission are essential for effective groups and teamwork. This will enable the team to have clarity as reinforcement in an organization having clean and precise expectations for the group’s goals, accountability, outcomes, and work. In many groups I have participated and experience; they collapse or get poor results due to lack of understanding on the goals of the team or group. The first thing the team or group should do is to set goals and targets such that they will fight to meet the goals. This will lead to better results and findings as each and every member of the group will have understood and commit themselves on the task for achievements. A team creates a comfortable environment where people or members can take reasonable risks in advocating positions, taking action, and communicating. Team members should not be punished when they disagree; this will discourage them in participating on future events or even leading to the collapse of the team. The disagreement should be treated as weaknesses on the team and look for solutions for successful group work in future. Communication should be respectful, honest and open in the team discussions. In many groups, some members do not have freedom to express their points. This will lead to contribution of points by few members; this is a weakness in the team as there will be limitation in the ideas contributed. In many groups minority members are not given time to contribute, they are suppressed by the lea ders and this is a major problem which should be urgently addressed (Cornelissen, 2004, p. 38). These minor members might have important points but due to the suppression, they are not heard. The team members should be given time to ask questions for clarifications, in this regard, they will spend their thought listening keenly and not forming rebuttals when another member is speaking. The team members have a

Sociology Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sociology Research methods - Essay Example According to Article 26 of the ICCPR, all persons are entitled to equal protection under the law with regards to rights in general, whether or not they are set out in the Covenant on the grounds described in that provision†. A workplace consisting of more than at least 3000 employees provide a wider spectrum of people for survey and research. The technological developments during the past decade in information technology, innovative software applications, inventions in computer hardware and advanced networking technology gave rise to the growth of BPO, software companies and investments and trading in international level necessitated movement of talents from place to place, and in this backdrop the current study has become important. The Research Questions The survey is designed to collect data from the participants for a study with reference to the following pertinent research questions in relation to the research. Whether the cultural interaction in the confluence of various ethnic groups in a country could be construed as strength instead of weakness by the society? Can unity in diversity be achieved? Hypothesis The analysis of the survey results would be useful in evaluating the hypothesis or the problems involved in the integration or racial issues in the society and the key hypothesis is: When the world is moving toward liberalization, and the countries pursue a policy of globalization, rich and diversified cultural background of the country would lead to economic growth and peaceful co-existence on account of international implications in the growing fields of telecommunications, social networks, internet and media due to its hold on international communities. Sampling Identification of target population and sampling frame needs to be done carefully. Simple random sampling method is proposed to be employed with probability sampling scheme to ensure that every group in the population has been covered, as it would be appropriate and representative of the population. The scope and organization of Survey Saris & Gallhofer (2007, p.4) state â€Å"Survey research is often used for descriptive research. †¦ studies can also be done to determine the reasons †¦ such research is called explanatory research†. The important aspects involved in the process of research include sample size, source of data, experience and communication skills of the data collector depend on the type of research. The active support of the management of the organization where the survey is planned to be conducted and hence preliminary discussions and continuous interaction throughout the survey process with them is essential. Inadequacies in resources and facilities would affect the quality of research and vitiate the results. For the survey under consideration, the important variable is ‘discrimination’ on account of racism. Vogt (2005, p. 377) states that a variable is â€Å"loosely, anything studied by a researcher†. Ther e are other independent variables or factors such as age, gender, income level and country of origin which are relevant for the study and properly considered. These variable factors could be broadly categorized under Cultural differences, perceived competition, loss of national identity, threat to traditional values and its impact on younger generations caused may be due to unknown fear for lending

Work-based Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Work-based Learning - Essay Example Thus, the drastic changes that have been taking place in every field of occupation due to globalisation has also resulted in the new knowledge economy where the essential issues become what counts as knowledge sin an organisation, how this knowledge is transmitted and stored, who owns it, and how it is shared etc. that is to say, there has been an increasing significance for both individual workplace learning and organisational learning. Significantly, "workplace learning is a process through which both individuals and organisations move towards desirable and sustainable outcomes. However, this raises the question of whether individual learning and organisational learning are congruent and synonymous. In principle, the desirable outcomes and planned goals of individuals and organisations may diverge. ... Learning in the contemporary world of globalisation has been realised as an important process which involves experience with knowing and there is great scope for work-based learning in every field of education. According to the UK's Campaign for Learning, learning can be defined as "a process of active engagement with experience. It is what people do when they want to make sense of the world. It may involve an increase in skills, knowledge or understanding, a deepening of values, or the capacity to reflect. Effective learning will lead to change, development and a desire to learn more." (Campaign for Learning, 2) This definition of learning suggests the importance of work-experience in the process of learning which can result in an increase in skills, knowledge or understanding, a deepening of values, or the capacity to reflect. Significantly, work-based learning, which is central and most important aspect of learning to impact on performance at work, reflects the concept of work-experience in the process of learning and it is a practical approach to learning and experience. With the emphasis on high standards in the learning process of higher education, the question is now open about what approach educators may employ in order to achieve those standards. Even in the high school levels of learning, educational reforms to help the student development emphasise the incorporation of work-based learning which integrates experiences outside of the school with classroom learning. "Over the last 15 years, some education reformers have argued that integrating experiences outside of the school with classroom learning is an effective approach to engaging students in their studies and helping to prepare them for education and work after high